What is rosette stage in malaria?

Rosettes form during the blood stage of malaria infection, when erythrocytes infected with mature asexual parasites (pigmented trophozoites and schizonts) bind spontaneously to uninfected erythrocytes to form clusters of cells (Fig. 1).

What is rosette formation?

rosette formation. The in vitro formation of clusters consisting of a cell (usually a lymphocyte) surrounded by antigenic cells or antigen–bearing particles (usually erythrocytes, which may or may not be coated with antibody or antibody and complement).

What is the deadliest malarial plasmodium?

Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly of the human malaria parasites. The particular virulence of this species derives from its ability to subvert the physiology of its host during the blood stages of its development.

What does PfEMP1 bind to?

The primary function of PfEMP1 is to bind and attach RBCs to the wall of the blood vessels. The most important binding properties of P. falciparum known to date are mediated by the head structure of PfEMP1, consisting of DBL domains and CIDRs.

What causes complicated malaria?

Severe malaria is most commonly caused by the progression of an infection with Plasmodium falciparum to a complicated stage, although P. vivax and P. knowlesi can also cause severe disease.

What is sequestration in malaria?

Sequestration, the adherence of infected erythrocytes containing late developmental stages of the parasite (trophozoites and schizonts) to the endothelium of capillaries and venules, is characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum infections.

What is the rosette test?

The rosette test demonstrates the number of D-positive cells in a D-negative suspension using an anti-D reagent. The anti-D binds to D-positive fetal RBCs, and when indicator D-positive RBCs are added rosettes are formed. This method has an FMH detection limit of about 10 mL.

What is sheep erythrocytes?

Sheep Red Blood Cells from Innovative Research are manufactured using whole blood collections from sheep. The whole blood is washed to remove the platelet-rich plasma, buffy coat layer, and leukocytes. Red blood cells are perishable and are collected and processed upon receipt of order.

What are var genes?

The parasite regularly exchanges the expressed var gene generating antigenic variation of the infected RBCs (pRBC) surface which is crucial for successful proliferation and transmission. PfEMP1 is also an adhesive molecule that binds to an array of human receptors.

What is placental malaria?

Placental malaria, characterized by the accumulation of Plasmodium-infected red blood cells in the placental intervillous space, leads to adverse perinatal outcomes such as stillbirth, low birth weight, preterm birth, and small-for-gestational-age neonates.