Who gets heterotopic ossification?

In patients with spinal cord injury, 90% of cases occur in hips but it can also occur at the knees, elbows and shoulders. HO occurs more in men than in women. People in their 20’s and 30’s are affected more than other age groups.

Where does heterotopic ossification occur?

Heterotopic ossification is abnormal bone formation within muscle and soft tissues, an unfortunately common phenomenon that typically occurs weeks after an injury or surgery.

Where is heterotopic ossification most common?

Although HO can be found at any site, it is most prevalent in the major joints such as the hip, elbow, shoulder and knee.

What is heterotopic ossification of the hip?

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is defined as pathological bone formation in soft tissues, for example in muscles, where physiologically there is no osseous tissue present. It is one of the most common complications of total hip joint replacement surgery.

Which is an acquired form of heterotopic ossification?

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the presence of bone in soft tissue where bone normally does not exist. The acquired form of HO most frequently is seen with either musculoskeletal trauma, spinal cord injury, or central nervous system injury.

Where are heterotrophs and autotrophs located in the food chain?

Autotrophs are the primary producers and are placed first in the food chain. Heterotrophs are the consumers and are placed at the secondary and tertiary levels. Both are beneficial to maintain the energy flow in the ecosystem.

Do you need serial imaging for heterotopic ossification?

It can sometimes be difficult to distinguish the soft tissue lesion seen early on in the evolution of heterotopic ossification from other causes and serial imaging may be required to confirm the evolution of the lesion along the typical course for heterotopic ossification.

How are herbivores different from other heterotrophs?

Some heterotrophs, called herbivores, only eat plants. The herbivores only get 10% of the energy available from the autotrophs, because the producers used 90% of their energy to grow and reproduce. So, there are substantially fewer herbivores in an ecosystem compared to autotrophs since they get less energy.