What is CpG ligand?

CpG-ODNs (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) are short synthetic single-stranded DNA molecules containing CpG motifs. They stimulate cells bearing TLR9 to activate innate immune responses by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th1 the helper T-cells. Several CpG-ODNs are efficient inhibitors of tumour growth.

What is a CpG drug?

A synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide, containing unmethylated CpG motifs derived from bacterial DNA, with immunostimulatory activities.

Do bacteria have CpG islands?

Unmethylated CpG motifs are prevalent in bacterial but not vertebrate genomic DNAs.

What is TLR9 agonist?

(1) Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists stimulate innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses. TLR9 agonists induce secretion of interferon-α(IFN-α) from immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which may activate natural killer (NK) cell lysis of tumor cells and release tumor antigens (Ags).

How many CpG islands are in the human genome?

30,000 CpG islands
The human genome contains ∼30,000 CpG islands (CGIs), long stretches (0.5–2 kb) of DNA with unusually elevated levels of CpG dinucleotides. Many occur at genes’ promoters, and their DNA nearly always remains unmethylated.

What does it mean to methylate a CpG Island?

CpG sites occur with high frequency in genomic regions called CpG islands (or CG islands). Cytosines in CpG dinucleotides can be methylated to form 5-methylcytosines. Enzymes that add a methyl group are called DNA methyltransferases. In mammals, 70% to 80% of CpG cytosines are methylated.

What is the function of CpG islands?

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that plays an essential role in regulating gene expression. CpG islands are DNA methylations regions in promoters known to regulate gene expression through transcriptional silencing of the corresponding gene.

Where is TLR9 found?

Following treatment with CpG ODN, TLR9 is found in lysosome-associated membrane protein type 1-positive lysosomes, and we asked which intracellular compartment contains TLR9 before CpG exposure.

What does TLR5 bind to?

The TLR5 signaling cascade is commonly triggered by the binding of bacterial flagellum to TLR5 on the cell surface. Binding of flagellum induces the dimerization of TLR5, which in turn recruits MyD88. The recruitment of MyD88 leads to subsequent activation of IRAK4, IRAK1, TRAF6, and eventually IκB kinases.

Why is it called CpG?

CpG is shorthand for 5’—C—phosphate—G—3′ , that is, cytosine and guanine separated by only one phosphate group; phosphate links any two nucleosides together in DNA.

Does TLR9 detect methylated bacterial DNA?

TLR9 recognizes bacterial and viral DNA containing the cytosine–phosphate–guanine (CpG) dideoxynucleotide motif. Viral DNA is not methylated and methylated CpG oligos demonstrate reduced binding affinity and ability to activate signaling.

How are CpG motifs recognized in the cell?

The recognition of CpG motifs requires Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, which triggers alterations in cellular redox balance and the induction of cell signaling pathways including the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NFκB.

What are the different classes of CpG ODN?

The different classes of ODN elicit different responses in pDC and B cells. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (or CpG ODN) are short single-stranded synthetic DNA molecules that contain a cytosine triphosphate deoxynucleotide (“C”) followed by a guanine triphosphate deoxynucleotide (“G”).

Is the CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide a pathogen-associated molecular pattern?

CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide. CpG motifs are considered pathogen-associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs) due to their abundance in microbial genomes but their rarity in vertebrate genomes. The CpG PAMP is recognized by the pattern recognition receptor ( PRR) Toll-Like Receptor 9 ( TLR9 ), which is constitutively expressed only in B cells…

Which is an example of a CPG product?

Lipstick, blush, eye shadow, and foundation are cheaply sold in individual packages, and after using the products, consumers either discard or recycle the empty vessels. Frozen dinners are another popular CPG example.