What happens during viral replication?

Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. Through the generation of abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies, the virus continues infecting new hosts.

What is Uncoating in viral replication?

Uncoating: The viral capsid is removed and degraded by viral enzymes or host enzymes releasing the viral genomic nucleic acid. 4. Replication: After the viral genome has been uncoated, transcription or translation of the viral genome is initiated.

Which mode of replication occurs in viruses?

Positive-Strand RNA Virus Replication This mode of replication occurs in the cell host cytoplasm for all ssRNA(+) viruses. ssRNA(+) molecules serve as templates for replication and transcription. The 5′ of the genome may be naked, capped, or covalently linked to a viral protein.

What is viral trafficking?

Virus trafficking is fundamental for infection success, and plasmid cytosolic trafficking is a key step of gene delivery. Based on the main physical properties of the cellular transport machinery such as microtubules and motor proteins, our goal here is to derive a mathematical model to study cytoplasmic trafficking.

How is membrane association related to viral replication?

Membrane association of the viral replication complex is mediated by the presence of one or more viral proteins that contain sequences which associate with, or integrate into, membranes.

Where does the replication of a poxvirus occur?

Similarly, cytoplasmic replication of poxviruses (large DNA viruses) occurs in associated membranes. These membranes originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or endosomes. Membrane vesicles that support viral replication are induced by a number of RNA viruses.

Where does DNA replication take place in the cell?

Replication-competent membranes might contain viral or cellular proteins that contain amphipathic helices, which could mediate the membrane bending that is required to form spherical vesicles. Whereas poxvirus DNA replication occurs inside the ER-enclosed site, for most RNA viruses the topology of replication is not clear.

How does a virus fuse with the plasma membrane?

While some viruses fuse with the plasma membrane, many viruses are endocytosed prior to fusion. Specific cues in the endosomal microenvironment induce conformational changes in the viral fusion proteins leading to viral and host membrane fusion.