What does the MAPK pathway do?

MAPK pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals from a diverse range of stimuli and elicit an appropriate physiological response including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, inflammatory responses and apoptosis in mammalian cells.

What is MAPK gene?

Gene Ontology. AmiGO / QuickGO. showSearch. A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine (i.e., a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase).

What are the biological functions of TGF pathway?

Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) Both signaling pathways regulate cell cycle, proliferation, migration, cytokine secretion, and ECM synthesis and degradation – all of which are important in valve biology.

What is the p38 MAPK pathway?

The p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling pathway allows cells to interpret a wide range of external signals and respond appropriately by generating a plethora of different biological effects.

Why is the MAPK pathway important?

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a role in the regulation of gene expression, cellular growth, and survival. Abnormal MAPK signaling may lead to increased or uncontrolled cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Research into the MAPK pathway has shown it to be important in some cancers.

What activates mTOR pathway?

Activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is triggered by oxidative stress, amino-acid levels and endosomal traffic to the lysosome by small GTPases such as Rab4A. In turn, mTORC1 promotes inflammation by skewing T-cell development.

Is MAPK a gene?

The MAPK proteins belong to a complex gene family in plants [13]. The identification and characterization of different members of the MAPK cascades have been revealed by genome sequencing projects in various plant species.

Is JNK a MAPK?

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is one of the major signaling cassettes of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. It functions in the control of a number of cellular processes, including proliferation, embryonic development and apoptosis.

Are growth factors cytokines?

Cytokines are a subtype of growth factors that are produced by hematopoietic and immune cell types, and include interferons and interleukins. They are able to inhibit, as well as stimulate, cell proliferation and differentiation. Cytokines are the main mediator of the innate and adaptive immune responses.

What does TGF mean?

TGF

How is p38 regulated?

GENES REGULATED BY THE p38 PATHWAY Through the use of inactive and constitutively active mutants of MKK3 and 6 as well as the p38 inhibitor SB203580, numerous genes regulated by the p38 MAP kinase pathway have been identified.

How does p38 induce apoptosis?

p38 MAPK may act to alter mitochondrial function via a direct pathway, since p38α causes apoptosis in a lymphoblastoid B-cell line by translocating directly to the mitochondria (Rosini et al., 2000). In our model, the detection of ROS formation coincides with p38 activation.

Which is a linker between SMAD1 and Smad2?

A linker in more ways than one. The linker region between the MH1 and MH2 domains also links Smad signaling to the Ras/MAPK pathway. Growth factors that activate the Ras/MAPK pathway induce MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of Smad1 and Smad2 at several sites in the linker region.

How does TGF-β activate the ERK MAPK pathway?

The initial indication that TGF-β can activate the Erk MAPK pathway came from observations showing a rapid activation of p21 (Ras) by TGF-β in rat intestine or mink lung epithelial cells 11, 12.

Is the phosphorylation of Smad2 mediated by MAPK?

However, MAPK-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of Smad1 ( Pera et al. 2003) and Smad2 ( Grimm and Gurdon 2002) are principally observed during early gastrulation. Scheme adapted from Schohl and Fagotto ( 2002 ).

Where does SMAD play a role in TGFβ response?

Smad transcription factors mediate gene responses to the entire TGFβ (Transforming Growth Factor-β) family, to which the BMPs belong (for review, see Massagué 2000; Derynck and Zhang 2003 ). Smads 1, 5, and 8 act primarily downstream of BMP receptors and Smads 2 and 3 downstream of TGFβ, Activin and Nodal receptors.