What does Thioflavin S stain for?

Congo Red and Thioflavin S are the two major histological stains used to detect any form of amyloid. These dyes bind to the characteristic β-pleated sheet conformation of amyloid.

What is ThT fluorescence?

Thioflavin T (ThT) is a commonly used probe to monitor in vitro amyloid fibril formation. Upon binding to amyloid fibrils, ThT gives a strong fluorescence signal at approximately 482 nm when excited at 450 nm [2]. It has long been recognized that ThT can be used to quantify amyloid fibrils [12].

Where is amyloid produced?

Amyloid is an abnormal protein that is produced in your bone marrow and can be deposited in any tissue or organ. Amyloidosis frequently affects the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, nervous system and digestive tract.

How does Congo red stain work?

Congo red demonstrates the accumulation of amyloid. With light microscopy it stains a pink or light red colour and shows green birefringence with polarized light. With rhodamine or Texas fluorescence the deposits show enhanced red fluorescence.

Why is thioflavin’s mainly used to stain?

Does anyone know why Thioflavin S is mainly used to stain amyloids in tissue and cell culture, while Thioflavin T is used for in vitro detection? It would be great to have also a reference where I can read something more about this issue.

How is thioflavin T used to detect amyloid fibrils?

The amyloid fibrils can be readily detected thanks to thioflavin T (ThT), a small molecule that gives strong fluorescence upon binding to amyloids.

How does structure of thioflavin T affect fluorescence?

Conversely, some amyloid fibers do not affect thioflavin T fluorescence, raising the prospect of false negative results. Structure of thioflavin T bound to an amyloid -like oligomer of β2 microglobulin (in gray), in a complex that displays enhanced and red shifted fluorescence.

What is the chemical formula for thioflavin T?

Thioflavin T (Basic Yellow 1, CI 49005, or ThT) is a benzothiazole salt obtained by the methylation of dehydrothiotoluidine with methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid.