What are neutralizing amines?

Neutralizing amines are volatile compounds that control corrosion by neutralizing the corrosive carbonic acid that forms in the condensate due to the thermal decomposition of the natural alkalinity in the boiler makeup water.

What is morpholine solution test?

Morpholine is used because its volatility is about the same as water, so once it is added to the water, its concentration becomes distributed rather evenly in both the water and steam phases. Its pH-adjusting qualities then become distributed throughout the steam plant to provide corrosion protection.

What is condensate corrosion?

Leakage of a process stream into the steam-side of a vessel can result in a highly corrosive condensate, as with leaking heat exchanger tubes. In such cases, it may be necessary to direct that condensate stream to a drain rather than to return it to the boiler.

What causes carbonic acid in condensate?

Carbonic acid attack occurs when carbon dioxide from the steam condenses with the condensate to form carbonic acid. The greater the makeup alkalinity, the greater the amount of carbon dioxide present in the steam, which increases the potential for carbonic acid attack in the condensate return system.

Does amine increase pH?

Usually it is expressed as the ppm of CO2 (or carbonic acid) neutralized per ppm of neutralizing amine. Once the acid has been neutralized, each amine has a different ability to boost pH, which is accomplished by the hydrolysis of the amine to form hydroxyl (OH-) ions.

Why ammonia is dosed in boiler?

The purpose of ammonia dosing is to control the pH of water; pH is kept slightly alkaline to avoid corrosions from chloride and other salts, whereas DO is scavenged by dosing hydrazine. A very low ppb of DO can cause severe corrosion by pitting. Therefore a slight residual of hydrazine is kept in the system.

Is morpholine a carcinogen?

Morpholine is flammable and a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to flame, heat, or oxidizers, and can react with oxidizing materials. Morpholine by itself is not considered carcinogenic (NTP, 2001). However, morpholine is a secondary amine known to form nitrosamines (Turcotte and Johnson, 1992).

Is morpholine an acid or base?

Because of the amine, morpholine is a base; its conjugate acid is called morpholinium. For example, when morpholine is neutralized by hydrochloric acid, one obtains the salt morpholinium chloride.; Morpholine is widely used in organic synthesis.

How is condensate treated?

Condensate systems can be chemically treated to reduce metal corrosion. Treatment chemicals include neutralizing amines, filming amines, and oxygen scavenger-metal passivators.

Is condensate corrosive?

The main reason for treating the steam condensate is to prevent corrosion. Carbonic acid is a weak acid, but as the condensate water is pure, this weak acid reduces the pH significantly, often in the range of 5-6. At this low pH, the condensate water is very corrosive to carbon steel piping.

Can amines lower pH?

Amines and Carbonyls The pH for reactions which form imine compounds must be carefully controlled. The rate at which these imine compounds are formed is generally greatest near a pH of 5, and drops at higher and lower pH’s.

What is the pH of amine?

Like ammonia, most amines are Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis bases, but their base strength can be changed enormously by substituents. Most simple alkyl amines have pKa’s in the range 9.5 to 11.0, and their aqueous solutions are basic (have a pH of 11 to 12, depending on concentration).

What kind of liquid does cyclohexylamine look like?

Cyclohexylamine appears as a clear colorless to yellow liquid with an odor of ammonia. Flash point 90??F. Irritates the eyes and respiratory system. Skin contact may cause burns. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air.

What is the flash point 90 for cyclohexylamine?

Flash point 90??F. Irritates the eyes and respiratory system. Skin contact may cause burns. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Toxic oxides of nitrogen produced during combustion. CAMEO Chemicals Cyclohexylamine is a primary aliphatic amine consisting of cyclohexanecarrying an aminosubstituent.

How is cyclohexylamine used in a steam boiler?

Cyclohexylamine is a colorless organic liquid having a substituent of an amine group. Cyclohexylamine is used in low-pressure boilers where the condensate works for a longer period of time. It can remain along with condensate steam at various steam pressures which cannot be done with other neutralizing amines.

Which is more basic morpholine or cyclohexamine?

Here cyclohexamine (1) is more basic than piperidine (2) which is more basic than morpholine (3). The 1 s t compound has more methyl groups than the 2 n d compound. Alkyl groups are electron donating group and thus stabilizes the positive charge of nitrogen.