How do you find the wetted perimeter?

For example, if the water fills up half of the circular cross-section, this is π radians, giving a wetted perimeter of π_r_ = π_d_ / 2, where d is the diameter of the pipe. In other words, as you would expect, the wetted perimeter in this case is half the circumference of the circle.

What is wetted area and wetted perimeter?

The wetted perimeter is the perimeter of the cross sectional area that is “wet”. The length of line of the intersection of channel wetted surface with a cross sectional plane normal to the flow direction. When a channel is much wider than it is deep, the wetted perimeter approximates the channel width.

What is the wetted perimeter of a stream?

The wetted perimeter of a stream, defined as the width of the streambed and stream banks in contact with water for an individual cross section, is used as a measure of the availability of aquatic habitat over a range of discharges (Annear and Conder, 1984; Nelson, 1984).

How do you find the wetted perimeter of a trapezoid?

The cross-sectional area is A = πD2/4 and the wetted perimeter is P = πD. Substituting into the equation RH = A/P and simplifying the expression gives: RH = D/4.

What are the laminae of the annulus fibrosus?

The annulus fibrosus (plural: annuli fibrosi) surrounds the nucleus pulposus and together they form the intervertebral disc. The annulus comprises 15 to 20 collagenous (type I) laminae which run obliquely from the edge of one vertebra down to the edge of the vertebra below. The direction of the fibers alternates from lamina to lamina.

How are tears to the annulus fibrosus treated?

Quite often, a tear can be successfully treated without surgery; in other words, physical therapy, exercise, holistic therapies, and medication may be enough to relieve your symptoms. Most of the time, medical treatments for the intervertebral disc are focused on containing (or clearing away pieces of) the nucleus pulposus.

Where does load transfer occur in the annulus fibrosus?

Load transfer in the intervertebral disc (IVD) and lamellar structure of the annulus fibrosus. When a compressive load (C) is placed on the IVD, a hydrostatic pressure (P) is generated in the NP and tensile stress (T) on the annulus.

How does the annulus fibrosus resist compressive forces?

Unlike the nucleus pulposus, on which mainly compressive forces act, the fibers of the annulus fibrosus resist the tensile and the compressive stresses to which the intervertebral disc is subjected.