Is indoxyl sulfate?

Indoxyl sulfate is an aryl sulfate that is indoxyl in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is substituted by a sulfo group. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a member of indoles and an aryl sulfate. It derives from an indoxyl.

How to reduce indoxyl sulfate?

Applying a sustained increase in dialytic clearance with higher dialysate flow and larger dialyzer membrane for 2 weeks reduced the total and free plasma levels of indoxyl sulfate by about 6% and 16%, respectively [69].

How does indoxyl work?

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How is Indoxyl sulfate made?

Indoxyl sulfate is a metabolite of dietary L-tryptophan that is synthesized through the following metabolic pathway: L-tryptophan → indole → indoxyl → indoxyl sulfate. Indole is produced from L-tryptophan in the human intestine via tryptophanase-expressing gastrointestinal bacteria.

Where does indoxyl sulfate come from in the body?

Indoxyl sulfate is also a product of indole metabolism, which is produced from tryptophan by intestinal flora, such as Escherichia coli. ^ a b c “Indoxyl sulfate”.

How many oxindole alkaloids are there in indoxyl?

However, in the oxindole alkaloids the original configuration may be modified subsequently by a ring-chain tautomerism. In the group of the indoxyl derivatives comprising nearly 30 alkaloids, representatives of both the vincosan (type Iα) and the ibogan (type II) skeletons were isolated from plants.

How is indoxyl sulfate related to chronic kidney disease?

Indoxyl sulfate, also known as 3-indoxylsulfate and 3-indoxylsulfuric acid, is a metabolite of dietary L-tryptophan that acts as a cardiotoxin and uremic toxin. High concentrations of indoxyl sulfate in blood plasma are known to be associated with the development and progression of chronic kidney disease and vascular disease in humans.

How is indoxyl dissolved in acetone to make blue?

Indoxyl (3).6 o-Nitrobenzaldehyde 1 (0.5 g) was dissolved in acetone (5 mL). Water (5 mL) was added with stirring, followed by dropwise addition of NaOH (2.5 mL of 1.0 N) and the solution became blue.