How is DSD treated?

DSD has been successfully treated with botulinum toxin A injections and transurethral sphincterotomy, although more research is needed to best identify optimal candidates and to reduce procedural morbidity.

How do you improve external sphincter function?

Sit, stand or lie with your knees slightly apart. Slowly tighten and pull up the sphincter muscles as tightly as you can. Hold tightened for at least five seconds, and then relax for about four seconds. Repeat five times.

Can sphincter muscles be repaired?

Sphincter Repair – the external anal sphincter can be repaired or simply tightened to try and improve control. The former applies to direct injuries such as those sustained obstetrically or following surgery. An anterior sphincter defect may be repaired some time after the injury.

What is the purpose of external sphincter electromyography?

Definition External sphincter electromyography helps physicians determine how well the external urinary sphincter muscle is working by measuring the electrical activity in it during contraction and relaxation.

What causes abnormal electrical activity in the external sphincter?

Abnormal results. A diseased external sphincter muscle will produce an abnormal pattern of electrical activity. Conditions that affect the external sphincter may include multiple sclerosis, neurogenic bladder, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, and stress incontinence.

What causes an electromyogram of the urethra?

Also, the urethra may become mildly irritated causing a change in the normal frequency of urination. In a normally functioning external sphincter muscle, the electromyogram will show increased electrical activity when the patient tightens the muscle and a little or no electrical activity when it is relaxed.

Where are the electrodes inserted in the rectum?

Needle electrodes. This is considered the most accurate method, since the electrodes are inserted directly into the muscle, using needles to guide placement. For male patients, a gloved finger is inserted in the rectum, then needles with wires attached are inserted through the skin between the anus and the scrotum.

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