What is Spt4?

The Spt4/5 binds in the middle of RNA polymerase claw and encloses the DNA, reminiscent of the DNA polymerase clamp and ring helicases. The transcription elongation complex model reveals that the Spt4/5 is an upstream DNA holder and contacts the nontemplate DNA in the transcription bubble.

Which transcription factor stimulates the elongation of the RNA chain?

Transcription factors TFIIF and TFIIS promote transcript elongation by RNA polymerase II by synergistic and independent mechanisms.

What role does RNA polymerase play in transcription?

RNA polymerase is a multi-unit enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from a template of DNA through a process called transcription. The transcription of genetic information into RNA is the first step in gene expression that precedes translation, the process of decoding RNA into proteins.

What is elongation in RNA transcription?

Basically, elongation is the stage when the RNA strand gets longer, thanks to the addition of new nucleotides. During elongation, RNA polymerase “walks” along one strand of DNA, known as the template strand, in the 3′ to 5′ direction.

What are the factors involved in chain elongation?

The elongation phase of translation leads to the decoding of the mRNA and the synthesis of the corresponding polypeptide chain. In most eukaryotes, two distinct protein elongation factors (eEF-1 and eEF-2) are required for elongation.

Is the TATA box a transcription factor?

The TATA box is able to define the direction of transcription and also indicates the DNA strand to be read. Proteins called transcription factors can bind to the TATA box and recruit an enzyme called RNA polymerase, which synthesizes RNA from DNA.

What are the 3 basic steps of transcription?

Transcription takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

What happens during elongation?

During the elongation stage, the ribosome continues to translate each codon in turn. Each corresponding amino acid is added to the growing chain and linked via a bond called a peptide bond. Elongation continues until all of the codons are read. The new protein is then released, and the translation complex comes apart.

How do elongation factors work?

First, elongation factors are involved in bringing aminoacyl-transfer RNA to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Second, an elongation factor is involved in translocation, the step in elongation at which the peptidyl-tRNA is moved from one ribosomal site to another as the messenger RNA moves through the ribosome.

What is the role of elongation factor?

Elongation factors are a set of proteins that function at the ribosome, during protein synthesis, to facilitate translational elongation from the formation of the first to the last peptide bond of a growing polypeptide.

Can transcription occur without a TATA box?

When there is an absence of the TATA box and TBP is not present, the downstream promoter element (DPE) in cooperation with the initiator element (Inr) bind to the transcription factor II D (TFIID), initiating transcription in TATA-less promoters.