What is paracingulate sulcus?

In the present study, we focused on the paracingulate sulcus (PCS) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) given its previously established role in reality monitoring2, among other cognitive functions, defined as the ability to discriminate between real and imagined information3.

Where is the paracingulate sulcus?

With neuroimaging studies of reality monitoring in healthy individuals repeatedly revealing activity within the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC),7–9 recent reality monitoring research has focused on the paracingulate sulcus (PCS), a structure that lies in the dorsal anterior cingulate region of the mPFC (figure …

What is the Paracingulate cortex?

Neuroimaging studies have identified the anterior paracingulate cortex (PCC) as the key prefrontal region subserving theory of mind. We conclude that distinct areas of the neural system underlying theory of mind are specialized in processing distinct classes of social stimuli.

What does the anterior cingulate cortex do?

front-most portion of the cingulate cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex (or ACC) has been implicated in several complex cognitive functions, such as empathy, impulse control, emotion, and decision-making.

What is the medial prefrontal cortex?

Abstract. Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is among those brain regions having the highest baseline metabolic activity at rest and one that exhibits decreases from this baseline across a wide variety of goal-directed behaviors in functional imaging studies.

What is the major function of the ACC?

ACC is “affective,”—involved in emotion assessment, emotion-related learning, and autonomic regulation. Within ACC, pACC is implicated in emotional regulation, autonomic integration, and affect related to pain. sACC is implicated in autonomic control, visceral integration, and conditioned learning.

What is the role of ACC?

The dorsal part of the ACC is connected with the prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex, as well as the motor system and the frontal eye fields, making it a central station for processing top-down and bottom-up stimuli and assigning appropriate control to other areas in the brain.

How do you activate the medial prefrontal cortex?

Having a positive reputation, which covaries with high social desirable traits, activates the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and striatum [6]. By contrast, a negative reputation activates the mPFC, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [7].

How does stress affect the prefrontal cortex?

Basic research has found that high levels of catecholamine release during stress rapidly impair the top-down cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), while strengthening the emotional and habitual responses of the amygdala and basal ganglia.

What is the insular cortex responsible for?

Though the insula plays a significant role in pain perception, social engagement, empathy, emotions, and numerous other vital functions, it is far from the only brain region that contributes to these functions. Moreover, it must work with other brain regions—and other parts of the body—to properly function.