Which of the following is an indication for retrograde urography?

A retrograde pyelogram may be used in people suspected of having an obstruction, such as a tumor, stone, blood clot, or stricture (narrowing) in the kidneys or ureters. It evaluates the lower portion of the ureter to which urine flow is obstructed.

What does retrograde mean in urology?

Retrograde pyelography is a form of x-ray used to get detailed pictures of the ureters and kidneys. Retrograde pyelography uses a special dye (“contrast agent”) injected into the ureters. The dye makes the ureters and kidneys more easily seen on the x-ray. This test is like an intravenous pyelogram (IVP).

What does a retrograde pyelogram show?

A retrograde pyelogram is an imaging test that uses X-rays to look at your bladder, ureters, and kidneys. The ureters are the long tubes that connect your kidneys to your bladder. This test is usually done during a test called cystoscopy.

What is a kidney filling defect?

A filling defect is a general term used to refer to any abnormality on an imaging study which disrupts the normal opacification (filling) of a cavity or lumen.

What is the difference between intravenous pyelogram and retrograde pyelogram?

Intravenous pyelogram – In which a contrast solution is introduced through a vein into the circulatory system. Retrograde pyelogram – Any pyelogram in which contrast medium is introduced from the lower urinary tract and flows toward the kidney (i.e. in a “retrograde” direction, against the normal flow of urine).

What contrast is used for retrograde pyelogram?

The contrast that is used for retrograde pyelography is the same that is used for excretory urography (intravenous urography). Contrast is categorized by osmolality, of which there are 3 groups: isoosmolar, low osmolar, and high osmolar. As osmolarity decreases, radiographic density increases.

How long does a cystoscopy with retrograde pyelogram?

Timing. A retrograde pyelogram usually takes less than 30 minutes to perform. It can take an hour or more to recover afterward, depending on the type of anesthesia used for the test. You should expect to take a total of about two hours including paperwork.

What is a filling defect in ureter?

Ureteral calculi are the most common cause of ureteral filling defects (Fig 10). Historically, the description of calculi as “filling defects” has applied to intravenous urography, where a calculus is seen as a defect in the contrast column.

How long is a ureteroscopy procedure?

Ureteroscopy is typically performed under general anesthesia, and the procedure usually lasts from one to three hours. If the stone is small, it may be snared with a basket device and removed whole from the ureter.

Is retrograde pyelogram painful?

A retrograde pyelogram is a quick, relatively painless procedure that helps identify abnormalities in your urinary tract. It can also help your doctor do other urinary procedures or surgeries safely. As with any procedure that involves anesthesia, some risks are involved.

How long does burning last after a cystoscopy?

You may have numbness from the local anesthesia (medication that keeps you from feeling pain) that was used during your procedure. This should go away within 1 to 3 hours. You may feel burning when you urinate for the next 2 to 3 days. You may see a small amount of blood in your urine for the next 2 to 3 days.

What can cause a dilated ureter?

Causes of hydronephrosis in adults pregnancy – during pregnancy the enlarged womb (uterus) can sometimes place pressure on the ureters. narrowing of the ureters – this can occur as a result of injury to the ureter, infection or surgery.

What are the indications of retrograde pyelography?

Indications. Pathology within the ureter may appear as a filling defect when contrast is introduced within the ureter. Urolithiasis is primarily diagnosed with noncontrast CT scanning. [3, 4] Retrograde pyelography is used to determine the exact location of the calculi within the collecting system.

What does pyelogram show in Ureteritis cystica?

Intravenous pyelogram shows tiny, smooth, round filling defects in the right ureter in a patient with ureteritis cystica. (Courtesy M. Nino-Murcia, MD.) Intravenous pyelogram shows the left ureter in the same patient, with several tiny nodular filling defects that represent submucosal cysts of ureteritis cystica. (Courtesy M. Nino-Murcia, MD.)

Can a retrograde pyelogram be done for sepsis?

A ureteral stent can be placed in the ureter to help urine flow past a blockage that won’t clear or through a narrowed portion of the ureter. This can prevent infection (sepsis). A retrograde pyelogram is performed by injecting dye into a thin tube (catheter) into opening of ureter (tube draining kidney into bladder).

What does an intravenous pyelogram look like?

Intravenous pyelogram shows the left ureter in the same patient, with several tiny nodular filling defects that represent submucosal cysts of ureteritis cystica. (Courtesy M. Nino-Murcia, MD.) Intravenous pyelogram, in a different patient with duplex collecting system, shows involvement of upper moiety ureter by ureteritis cystica .