What is augmentation index 75?

The heart rate-corrected augmentation index (AIx@75) was estimated as a composite marker of wave reflections and arterial stiffness. Elevated arterial stiffness increases the risk of development of cardiovascular events and impairs cardiovascular functions.

How do you calculate augmentation index?

The augmentation index (AI) is an indirect measure of arterial stiffness and increases with age, and it is calculated as AG (augmentation pressure) divided by PP ×100 to give a percentage. With an increase in stiffness there is a faster propagation of the forward pulse wave as well as a more rapid reflected wave.

What is aortic wave reflection?

The pressure wave reflection causes an aortic pressure augmentation and is a physiologically important phenomenon, because the reflected pressure wave enhances coronary blood supply. However, it is well known that an excess of aortic pressure augmentation increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases [9,10,11,12].

What is arterial wave reflection?

Objectives. Increased arterial wave reflection is a predictor of cardiovascular events and has been hypothesized to be a cofactor in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Whether increased wave reflection is inversely associated with left ventricular (LV) systolic function in subjects without heart failure is not clear …

What is central augmentation index?

The augmentation index was defined as the difference between the first (P1) and second (P2) peaks of the central arterial waveform, expressed as a percentage of the pulse pressure, and ejection duration as the time from the foot of the pressure wave to the incisura (Fig. 1).

What does pulse wave velocity measure?

Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is a measure of arterial stiffness, or the rate at which pressure waves move down the vessel. As blood flows through the vessels of the circulatory system, it moves out of the left ventricle and into the aorta where it is then pushed through the rest of the circulatory system.

What is peripheral augmentation index?

Peripheral augmentation index defines the relationship between central and peripheral pulse pressure. Hypertension.

What is a Dicrotic wave?

: a secondary upstroke in the descending part of a pulse tracing corresponding to the transient increase in aortic pressure upon closure of the aortic valve. — called also dicrotic wave.

What is pulse pressure and what does it indicate?

Pulse pressure is the difference between your systolic blood pressure, which is the top number of your blood pressure reading, and diastolic blood pressure, which is the bottom number. Doctors can use pulse pressure as an indicator of how well your heart is working.

What is pulse wave velocity and how was it measured?

Pulse-wave velocity (PWV) is a measurement of arterial stiffness that is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. It can be measured simply and noninvasively by measuring the carotid and femoral pulse pressures and the time delay between the two or by other methods relying on pulse-wave analysis.

Why does pulse wave velocity increase with stiffness?

With age, or due to changes in the arterial wall, these vessels become stiffer and the speed at which the pressure wave moves through the system is increased. In addition, there are reflected pressure waves that move back towards the heart at the end of the systolic period.

What increases arterial stiffness?

The walls of large arteries, especially the aorta, lose elasticity over time, and this process results in increased arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffening, at least in part, reflects gradual fragmentation and loss of elastin fibers and accumulation of stiffer collagen fibers in the arterial wall [1].

Is the augmentation index related to blood pressure?

The augmentation index (AI) is an indicator of arterial stiffness that has been shown to be higher in those with hypercholesterolemia [86]. It has been suggested that an increase in arterial stiffness is associated with increased systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) [87–89].

Are there correlations between heart rate and Aix?

Age, short stature, peripheral mean arterial pressure, smoking, and LDL-C correlated positively with AIx, while there was a negative correlation with heart rate and male gender.

Is the Aix a measure of arterial stiffness?

The AIx is based on blood pulse-wave reflection, and is an accepted measure of arterial stiffness and risk factor for cardiovascular disease. 42 The AIx is commonly accepted as a measure of the enhancement (augmentation) of central aortic pressure by a reflected pulse wave (shown in the second, smaller waveform in Figure 2.12 ). Figure 2.12.

How is the Aix and PWV used in hypertension?

The AIx in hypertension: A study appearing in Hypertension Research aimed to evaluate the reproducibility of PWV and the AIx as indices of arterial stiffness in hypertension. Brachial blood pressure, brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), and carotid Augmentation Index (cAIx) twice: First at the baseline, and then 4 weeks after the baseline.