How is oxidative stress measured in bacteria?

The presence of oxidative stress may be tested in one of three ways: (1) direct measurement of the ROS; (2) measurement of the resulting damage to biomolecules; and (3) detection of antioxidant levels.

What causes oxidative stress in bacteria?

In this MiniReview several potential natural sources of oxidative stress are considered: endogenous ROS formation, chemical oxidation of reduced species at oxic-anoxic interfaces, H2O2 production by lactic acid bacteria, the oxidative burst of phagocytes, and the redox-cycling of secreted small molecules.

How is oxidative stress detected in cells?

Oxidative stress can be measured indirectly by measuring the levels of DNA/RNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation/nitration, rather than a direct measurement of reactive oxygen species. These oxidative stress markers are more enduring than reactive oxygen species.

What is oxidative stress assay?

Oxidative stress occurs when there is an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or a decrease in the effectiveness of cellular antioxidant defenses. Assays to determine oxidative stress may measure levels of toxic reactive oxygen species or levels of cellular antioxidants.

How are oxidative stress levels measured in bacteria?

The aim of this study was to assess the ability of the CellROX® Deep Red dye to detect oxidative stress in bacteria and to monitor membrane integrity using SYTOX® Blue. Specifically, FCM was used to assess the effect of various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on Enterococcus faecalisand Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Which is an example of an oxidative stress assay?

Oxidative Stress Assays. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a cell’s antioxidant defenses, is associated with human diseases as well as aging.

How is glutathione used in oxidative stress assays?

Glutathione, an antioxidant, is used to mitigate the damage of ROS. Assays to determine oxidative stress may measure levels of toxic reactive oxygen species or levels of cellular antioxidants. Glutathione is an antioxidant found in eukaryotic cells, most often in the reduced form (GSH).

How does oxidative stress affect the structure of proteins?

Oxidative damage can have a devastating effect on the structure and activity of proteins, and may even lead to cell death. The sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine are particularly susceptible to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive chlorine species (RCS), which can damage proteins.