What are syncytial sprouts?

Syncytial sprouts are aggregates of euchromatic syncytiotrophoblastic nuclei that often project as tear-drop shaped protrusions from the villous surface. They are particularly prominent during the first trimester when they represent the earliest stages in the formation of new villi.

What are Tenney Parker changes?

Tenney Parker Changes (TPC) are the major marker of maternovascular perfusion insufficiency. They are characterized by syncytial knot increase and villus clustering. Syncytial knot is a marked clustering of the syncytial nuclei under the light microscope.

What is villous agglutination?

Villous agglutination defined as clusters of adherent distal villi agglutinated by fibrin and accompanied by fibrosis or karyorrhexis of the villous stroma may represent areas of reduced intervillous perfusion and incipient infarction.

What is the terminal villi?

Terminal villi, the functional unit of the placenta, transfer electrolytes, O2, CO2 and nutrients between the mother and fetus. (5) Mesenchymal villi. Mesenchymal villi are the most primitive type of villi during early stages of pregnancy.

What does the Cytotrophoblast become?

“Cytotrophoblast” is the name given to both the inner layer of the trophoblast (also called layer of Langhans) or the cells that there live. It is interior to the syncytiotrophoblast and external to the wall of the blastocyst in a developing embryo….

What does the Syncytiotrophoblast do?

The syncytiotrophoblast is the primary structure that determines which substances cross the placenta (e.g., nutrients and oxygen) and which substances do not (e.g., maternal hormones and certain toxins).

What is Decidual vasculopathy?

Decidual vasculopathy are lesions of maternal spiral arteries consisting of perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, fibrinoid necrosis and foam cells, which are present in about half of the woman with preeclampsia. • Decidual vasculopathy is underestimated with current protocols of placental analysis.

What is accelerated villous maturation?

Accelerated villous maturation is interpreted as a compensatory change due to maternal vascular malperfusion. Morphologically, small or short hypermature villi for gestational age are accompanied by increased syncytial knots (˃33%). Intervillous fibrin is increased alternating with areas of villous paucity.

What causes placental villous immaturity?

Placental villous immaturity is most often associated with maternal diabetes.

What causes delayed villous maturation?

Delayed villous maturation (DVM) of the placenta is associated with chromosomal abnormalities, gestational diabetes, and an adverse outcome.

What is the function of placental villi?

villi in the placenta Chorionic villi make up a significant portion of the placenta and serve primarily to increase the surface area by which products from the maternal blood are made available to the fetus.

Is placental villi and chorionic villi same?

chorionic villi: These sprout from the chorion in order to give a maximum area of contact with the maternal blood. placenta: A vascular organ present only in the female during gestation. It supplies food and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, and passes back waste.

Where are the syncytial knots located in the placenta?

Syncytiotrophoblastic knots or syncytial knots are aggregates of syncytial nuclei at the surface of terminal villi. In the term placenta, most syncytial knots are thought to be artifacts from tangential sectioning while the minority are syncytial sprouts, bridges, or apoptotic knots. Syncytial knots are consistently present,

Why are syncytial knots important in uteroplacental examination?

Increased syncytial knots are associated with conditions of uteroplacental malperfusion and are important in placental examination. Although 30% of terminal villi with syncytial knots at term are often reported, no reference values have been developed for the percentage of villi with syncytial knots at different gestational ages.

When do terminal villi appear in a fetus?

Terminal villi appear near the end of the trimester and are much smaller (70 microns) with denser stroma surrounded primarily by syncytiotrophoblasts and a thin cytotrophoblast layer that may have syncytial knots Vessels are numerous (3 – 5 capillaries per villous) and in contact with the trophoblastic coat

Is there such a thing as a syncytial knot?

Syncytial Knots There is no precise definition of a syncytial knot, and so the term has been used rather loosely in the literature, leading to potential confusion. Aggregations of STB nuclei are a conspicuous feature of any normal term placenta, but the majority of these do not represent syncytial knots.