What is NF-kB?

A well-recognized function of NF-κB is regulation of inflammatory responses. In addition to mediating induction of various pro-inflammatory genes in innate immune cells, NF-κB regulates the activation, differentiation and effector function of inflammatory T cells.

What is NF-kB in immunology?

NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.

What stimulates NF-kB?

The primary mechanism for canonical NF-κB activation is the inducible degradation of IκBα triggered through its site-specific phosphorylation by a multi-subunit IκB kinase (IKK) complex.

What happens when NF-kB is inhibited?

NF-κB activates the expression of cyclin D1, a positive regulator of G1-to-S-phase progression, by direct binding to multiple sites in its promoter (10). Inhibition of NF-κB activation can reduce cyclin D1 activity and subsequent phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein to result in delayed cell cycle progression.

How do you measure NF-kB activation?

Another common method to measure NF-κB activity at the transcriptional activation level is to use a gene reporter assay, which introduces an exogenous NF-κB consensus promoter sequence linked to a measurable ‘reporter gene’ such as luciferase (18).

What is the role of IkB?

The best-studied and major IkB protein is IkBa. The IkBs bind to NF-kB dimers and sterically block the function of their NLSs, thereby causing their cytoplasmic retention. In order to get NF-kB into the nucleus, its site of action, the cytoplasmic NF-kB:IkB complex needs to be disrupted.

How do you find NF-kB?

What do cytokines do?

Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells. When released, they signal the immune system to do its job. Cytokines affect the growth of all blood cells and other cells that help the body’s immune and inflammation responses.

What inhibits the NF kB pathway?

Generally speaking, inhibition of NF-κB activation can occur by three mechanisms: (1) blockage of the incoming stimulating signal at an early stage (e.g., binding of ligand to its receptor) resulting in complete abrogation of the signal’s effect; (2) interference with a cytoplasmic step in the NF-κB activation pathway …

How do you measure NF kB activation?

What inhibits the NF-kB pathway?

How do you reduce NF-kB?

Antioxidants such as PDTC40 and NAC41 have shown a potential to inhibit NF-κB activation either by exogeneous induction (e.g. LPS, TNFα) or hydrogen peroxide treatment. Antioxidants are likely to inhibit NF-κB by scavenging reactive oxygen intermediates involved in the NF-κB pathway42.