Where is G-quadruplex found?

Telomeres, rich in guanine and with a propensity to form g-quadruplexes, are located at the terminal ends of chromosomes and help maintain genome integrity by protecting these vulnerable terminal ends from instability. These telomeric regions are characterized by long regions of double-stranded CCCTAA:TTAGGG repeats.

What is G in RNA?

Guanine-rich nucleic acid sequences can form noncanonical secondary structures known as G-quadruplexes (G4s) in both DNA and RNA7. In contrast to DNA G4s, RNA G4s form more readily in vitro due to their increased thermodynamic stability and reduced steric hindrance8,9.

What is G Rich DNA?

G-rich DNA sequences with tracts of three or more continuous guanines (G≥3) are known to have high propensity to adopt stable G-quadruplex (G4) structures. Bioinformatic analyses suggest high prevalence of G-rich sequences with short G-tracts (G≤2) in the human genome.

What is Tetraplex DNA?

Tetraplex DNA has a quadruple-stranded structure, which is formed by the folding of the single-stranded DNA through the formation of a G-quartet. Tetraplex DNA structure is known to occur in oncogenes, such as c-Myc, or in the telomere region, where this acts as a regulating lifetime gene.

What do G-Quadruplexes do?

G-quadruplexes are noncanonical nucleic acid structures formed from stacked guanine tetrads. They are frequently used as building blocks and functional elements in fields such as synthetic biology and also thought to play widespread biological roles.

What is types of DNA?

There are two types of DNA in the cell – autosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Autosomal DNA (also called nuclear DNA) is packaged into 22 paired chromosomes. In each pair of autosomes, one was inherited from the mother and one was inherited from the father.

Why does a pair with T and C with G?

The answer has to do with hydrogen bonding that connects the bases and stabilizes the DNA molecule. A and T form two hydrogen bonds while C and G form three. It’s these hydrogen bonds that join the two strands and stabilize the molecule, which allows it to form the ladder-like double helix.

What is H DNA?

Triple-stranded DNA (also known as H-DNA or Triplex-DNA) is a DNA structure in which three oligonucleotides wind around each other and form a triple helix.

What is G quadruplex DNA?

G-quadruplexes (G4s) have become one of the most exciting nucleic acid secondary structures. A noncanonical, four-stranded structure formed in guanine-rich DNA and RNA sequences, G-quadruplexes can readily form under physiologically relevant conditions and are globularly folded structures.

What are RNA G-Quadruplexes?

Guanine-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical four-stranded structures that can be formed in guanine (G) rich nucleic acid sequences. Such dynamic fluctuation of rG4 folding-unfolding underpins the biological significance of these structures in the regulation of RNA metabolism.

How are we studying the G quadruplex structure?

Recent methodological advances allow us to study G-quadruplex structures at higher resolution and throughput. Approaches to use G-quadruplex structures as molecular tools are highlighted. Computational and experimental methods for G-quadruplex studies are reviewed.

Where can I get a G4 quadruplex job?

Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia, October 1-3, 2020. Cancelled. Free Access (up to 300 participants). Do not hesitate to contact us about doctoral, postdoctoral positions available in your institute. All proposals are in the section Position Offers. G-Quadruplexes act as sequence-dependent protein chaperones.

Is the formation of a quadruplex harmful to the cell?

Quadruplex formation may be potentially damaging for a cell; the helicases WRN and Bloom syndrome protein have a high affinity for resolving DNA G-quadruplexes. The DEAH/RHA helicase, DHX36, has also been identified as a key G-quadruplex resolvase.

How is the antiparallel G quadruplex stabilized by molecular crowding?

For instance, quantitative assessments of the thermodynamics of molecular crowding indicate that the antiparallel g-quadruplex is stabilized by molecular crowding. This effect seems to be mediated by alteration of the hydration of the DNA and its effect on Hoogsteen base pair bonding.

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