What increases AP-1 activity?

AP-1 activity is induced by numerous extracellular matrix and genotoxic agents, suggesting involvement in programmed cell death. Increases in the levels of Jun and Fos proteins and JNK activity have been reported in scenarios in which cells undergo apoptosis.

What does the transcription factor do?

Transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA. Transcription factors include a wide number of proteins, excluding RNA polymerase, that initiate and regulate the transcription of genes.

What activates ap1?

AP-1 activity is stimulated by external stimuli like growth factors or inflammatory cytokines and a complex network of kinase such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) of the extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and JUN amino-terminal kinase (JNK) families.

What is TPA response element?

The element with the sequence TGAGTCA modulates LMTK2 expression in response to treatment with TPA, a synthetic Protein Kinase C (PKC) activator. It serves as the binding site for c-Fos, a member of the Activator Protein −1 (AP-1) transcription factor complex, which is transactivated by PKC.

Is STAT3 a transcription factor?

STAT3 belongs to the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of signal responsive transcription factors which consists of seven members encoded by distinct genes. In non-stimulated cells, STAT3, like other STATs proteins, is kept in an inactive cytoplasmic form.

Do all transcription factors bind to DNA?

Due to the nature of these chemical interactions, most transcription factors bind DNA in a sequence specific manner. However, not all bases in the transcription factor-binding site may actually interact with the transcription factor.

How is C-Jun regulated?

Therefore, regulation of c-jun activity can be achieved through N-terminal phosphorylation by the Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). It is shown that Jun’s activity (AP-1 activity) in stress-induced apoptosis and cellular proliferation is regulated by its N-terminal phosphorylation.

How are Ros and AP-1 related to each other?

ROS cause oxidation of specific cysteine residues in c-Jun’s DNA binding region, thus blocking AP-1/DNA interactions. Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is another family of bZIP transcription factors that play a central role in the regulation of neural gene expression by extracellular signals.

What’s the difference between an AP1 and an AP2?

On the other hand, AP2s were definitely a lot more aggressive from the factory and had a bit more personality. The rear bumpers were lowered a bit more, with reshaped oval exhaust holes sterner lines. Because everything is interchangeable, many AP1 owners modify their car’s to fit AP2 front and rear bumpers.

How is AP-1 related to c-Jun transactivation?

Once activated, AP-1 in turn induces JNK activity, which phosphorylates the c-Jun transactivation domain. Conversely, when ROS are produced at high concentrations, AP-1 and AP-1-induced gene expression is inhibited.

What are the members of the AP-1 protein family?

AP-1 proteins generally bind DNA as heterodimers composed of one member each of two different families of related bZIP proteins, the Fos family (c-Fos, Fra-1, Fra-2, and FosB) and the Jun family (c-Jun, JunB, and JunD) providing for a multiplicity of regulatory control.