Which bacteria is important in xenobiotic degradation?

Different microorganisms including bacteria (Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Cellulosimicrobium, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Methanospirillum, Aeromonas, Bacillus, Sphingobium, Flavobacterium, and Rhodococcus), fungi (Aspergillus, Penecillium, Trichoderma, and Fusarium), and yeasts (Pichia, Rhodotorula, Candida.

How do I get rid of xenobiotics?

The body removes xenobiotics by xenobiotic metabolism. This consists of the deactivation and the excretion of xenobiotics and happens mostly in the liver. Excretion routes are urine, feces, breath, and sweat.

How xenobiotics can cause toxicity?

Displacement of toxic xenobiotics from plasma proteins can greatly increase the amount of unbound toxicant distributed to target organs or tissue. A wide variety of xenobiotics accumulate in the liver and kidneys, making these organs ideal sites for postmortem sample collection in cases of suspected toxicoses.

What are xenobiotics examples?

Xenobiotic is a term used to describe chemical substances that are foreign to animal life and thus includes such examples as plant constituents, drugs, pesticides, cosmetics, flavorings, fragrances, food additives, industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants.

Why xenobiotics are recalcitrant?

But some xenobiotics are recalcitrant in nature because of various reasons. Some of them cannot be used as substrate by microbes, some cannot transport them due to absence of transporting enzymes and some are in accessible to microbes due to larger structure and insolubility.

Why it is important to understand biodegradation of xenobiotics?

Microbial degradation of xenobiotics is one of the important way to remove the environmentally harmful compounds. The potential of microorganisms to metabolize xenobiotic compounds has been recognized as an effective means of toxic and hazardous waste removal [11,36].

Is Penicillin a xenobiotic?

extended-spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes elaborated by bacteria, most often Klebsiella spp. , but other Enterobacteriaceae (e.g. Escherichia coli ) as well. These enzymes cleave, and, thereby, inactivate most penicillins and cephalosporins.

What is xenobiotic toxicity?

Xenobiotic compounds include natural as well as synthetic compounds such as pesticides, drugs, additives, heavy metals, food additives etc. The accumulation of these compounds in the body will cause depletion of cells and adverse effect on metabolism.

Is xenobiotic harmful?

Limited data showed the potential reproductive and developmental toxicity caused by swainsonine. The swainsonine caused reproductive and developmental toxicity in both parents and offspring mice. It suggests that severe reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity are associated with swainsonine poisoning.

Are all drugs xenobiotics?

Drugs can be considered a subset of xenobiotics, that is, natural compounds of exogenous origin that may find their way into the human body. Other important classes of xenobiotics are potentially toxic plant alkaloids or fungal toxins.

Are drugs xenobiotics?

How xenobiotics can be detoxified in different ecosystem?

Plants have versatile detoxification systems to counter the phytotoxicity of the wide variety of natural and synthetic chemicals — xenobiotics — present in the environment. One important detoxification mechanism is chemical modification of the xenobiotic by covalent linkage to the endogenous tripeptide, glutathione.

Who are involved in the degradation of xenobiotics?

Fungi, and aerobic as well as anaerobic bacteria are involved in the degradation of xenobiotics. Sometimes these microbial transformation processes are fortuitous, a phenomenon that is not uncommon in microbiology. On the other hand, microorganisms may use xenobiotic compounds as a source of energy, carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur.

How are xenobiotics used in the microbial community?

Sometimes these microbial transformation processes are fortuitous, a phenomenon that is not uncommon in microbiology. On the other hand, microorganisms may use xenobiotic compounds as a source of energy, carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur. Degradation of many xenobiotic chemicals requires microbial communities.

How are xenobiotics used as substrates in metabolism?

The presence of a suitable substrate induces its breakdown. This substrate is known as co – metabolite and the process of degradation are known as co metabolism. In another process, the xenobiotics serve as substrates and are acted upon to release energy. This is called gratuitous metabolism.

Which is an important class of xenobiotic pollutants?

‘Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aliphatic as well as aromatic hydrocarbons, nitroaromatic compounds, azo compounds, s-triazines, organic sulfonic acids, and synthetic polymers are important classes of pollutants with xenobiotic structural features. This article is focused on the mechanisms and pathways of microbial