Is Paraxanthine safe?

In in vitro cell culture studies, paraxanthine is reported to be less harmful than caffeine and the least harmful of the caffeine-derived metabolites in terms of hepatocyte toxicity.

What do methylxanthines do?

The main pharmacological effects of methylxanthines include central nervous system stimulation, diuresis, cardiovascular and metabolic effects, bronchial relaxation and increased secretion of gastric acids [27]. Despite central actions, these substances do not produce chemical dependence.

What does theobromine do to your body?

According to the National Hazardous Substances Database: “It has been stated that “in large doses” theobromine may cause nausea and anorexia and that daily intake of 50-100 g cocoa (0.8-1.5 g theobromine) by humans has been associated with sweating, trembling and severe headache.” Occasionally, people (mostly the …

What is the most serious adverse effect of methylxanthines?

The major adverse effects are insomnia, nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, and seizures. These toxicities are dose-dependent, but the onset of severe adverse events (e.g., ventricular arrhythmias, seizures) may not be preceded by nausea or insomnia.

Does chocolate have theobromine?

Theobromine generally occurs in higher quantities in dark chocolate than in milk chocolate due to the cacao content typically being higher in a dark chocolate versus a milk chocolate, but in either case its chemical makeup is quite similar to caffeine.

What is Paraxanthine found in?

Paraxanthine is the major metabolite of caffeine found in rodent plasma (reviewed in Fredholm et al., 1999), although it has been reported in mice that theophylline levels are nearly always greater than paraxanthine and caffeine levels in the brain (Johansson et al., 1996).

What are the side effects of theophylline?

Nausea/vomiting, stomach/abdominal pain, headache, trouble sleeping, diarrhea, irritability, restlessness, nervousness, shaking, or increased urination may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

What are the side effects of theobromine?

While theobromine did not significantly increase any subjective or behavioral measures in the Mumford et al. (1994) study when all subjects were combined, the compound increased alertness, headache, and irritability in some individuals, suggesting the possibility of individual differences in sensitivity.

Why is theobromine bad for you?

In the human body, theobromine is, at most, a mild stimulant, acting similar to caffeine. Theobromine is also a vasodilator, meaning it can open up your blood vessels and cause your blood pressure to drop. And, yes, at high enough levels theobromine can actually be toxic to humans (and at much lower levels in dogs).

What are the common side effects of theophylline?

What food contains theobromine?

Theobromine is consumed in cocoa and chocolate beverages and in various forms of chocolate-based foods. Theobromine is also present in small amounts in green coffee beans, tea and mate.

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What is the effect of paraxanthine on blood pressure?

Paraxanthine is a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist which raises plasma epinephrine and diastolic blood pressure. Paraxanthine, unlike caffeine, acts as an enzymatic effector of Na+/K+ ATPase. As a result, it is responsible for increased transport of potassium ions into skeletal muscle tissue.

How does paraxanthine work in the skeletal system?

Paraxanthine, unlike caffeine, acts as an enzymatic effector of Na + /K + ATPase. As a result, it is responsible for increased transport of potassium ions into skeletal muscle tissue. Similarly, the compound also stimulates increases in calcium ion concentration in muscle.

Why does paraxanthine cause lipolytic effects in humans?

The lipolytic properties of caffeine may also be due to paraxanthine, and its presence in the blood causes an increase in serum free fatty acid concentration. Studies indicate that, similar to caffeine, simultaneous antagonism of adenosine receptors is responsible for paraxanthine’s stimulatory effects.