What is infra in citation?

VII Use of Supra/Infra/Ibid/Id/Cf.: If one complete entry of a citation is made once in. the research paper, that can be cited again by using the following: 1.Supra & Infra: Supra means above and Infra means below. (a) Supra note 1 at 410.

What does infra mean legal?

below
A Latin term meaning “below” or “under”. A word often used in legal writing to refer the reader to a portion of the document, case, or book that comes later.

What does supra mean in legal citation?

above
Supra (Latin for “above”) is an academic and legal citation signal used when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier-cited authority. For example, an author wanting to refer to a source in their third footnote would cite: See supra note 3. Or for text in that note: See supra text accompanying note 3.

What is Ibid and supra?

If you cite one source multiple times, use ibid or supra after the first citation rather than repeating the full citation. Ibid is used when referring to the same source in the footnote immediately above. Supra is used when referring to the same source in a footnote that is not immediately above.

What is the difference between infra and supra?

Supra refers to material that has already appeared in the document and it has its own rule at 4.2(a). Infra refers to material that appears later in the document, but never for books (see R15. 10).

Why is supra citation used in cases?

Supra may be used to refer to a previously fully cited authority, unless id. would be more appropriate or supra cannot be used. In the below examples, supra is appropriate because an authority was fully cited in an earlier footnote, but not the immediately preceding one. (In the latter case, id.

How do you use a Supra?

To use supra, the first time you cite a source in your paper, give the full citation and at the end in square brackets place the short form that you are giving to the source; it can either be a short form of the case name or a short form of an article using the author’s last name.

Should supra be in italics?

The following citation elements should be italicized: words or phrases attributing one cited authority to another source. the cross reference words: “id.,” “supra,” and “infra”

How do you write a Supra?

After providing a full citation of a periodical, you may use “id.” or “supra” in subsequent citations. Use “id.” to refer to periodical material cited in the immediately preceding citation. Otherwise, use the “supra” form (Rule 16.9). ⇒ Example: Llewellyn, supra, at 401-06.

What does Ibid stand for?

the same place
Ibid. is a Latin word, short for ibidem, which means the same place. It is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote.

What does supra mean in Japanese?

Supra means “above or “better”.

How do you use a supra?

Infra is distinguished from supra, which shows that a case has already been cited “above.”. The typical language is Jones v. McLaughlin, infra, meaning the exact citation of the case, including volume and page number, will follow later in the document.

What is the legal definition of the word supra?

Legal Definition of supra. : earlier in this writing : above in the discussion supra —used in books, articles, and cases to refer the reader to previous pages, sections, or footnotes of the text or previous citations of other workssee cases cited supra note 16 — compare idem, infra.

What does infra stand for in legal dictionary?

Latin for “below,” this is legal shorthand to indicate that the details or citation of a case will come later on in the brief. Infra is distinguished from supra, which shows that a case has already been cited “above.”.

Which is the best example of an infra case?

The typical language is Jones v. McLaughlin, infra, meaning the exact citation of the case, including volume and page number, will follow later in the document. (See: citation, cite)