Where does t2 toxin come from?

T-2 toxin (Figure 9) is a trichothecene produced by Fusarium spp. It is structurally similar to DON, but it is much more toxic and less common than DON. It is produced by Fusarium poae, Fusarium sporotrichioides, and Fusarium tricinctum.

What disease does trichothecenes cause?

Hazardous concentrations of trichothecenes have been detected in corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice, rye, vegetables, and other crops. Diseases resulting from infection include seed rot, seedling blight, root rot, stalk rot, and ear rot.

Where does zearalenone come from?

Zearalenone naturally occurs in agricultural crops, particularly in maize. This mycotoxin could contaminate products made of barley, wheat, oats, rice, and sorghum. Given its prevalence and heat stability (up to 160°C) (Kuiper-Goodman et al., 1987), ZEA cannot be completely eradicated in the feed chain.

How is patulin produced?

Patulin is produced by numerous Penicillium and Aspergillus species and Byssochlamys nivea. Penicillium expansum, which commonly occurs in rotting apples, produces patulin.

Is t2 toxic?

T-2 Mycotoxin (pronounced as ‘Tee-Two’) is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is a naturally occurring mold byproduct of Fusarium spp. fungus which is toxic to humans and animals.

What is epsilon toxin?

Epsilon toxin (Etx) is a pore-forming toxin (PFT) produced by Clostridium perfringens type B and D strains and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of enterotoxaemia, a severe neurological disease of domestic ruminants, particularly sheep.

What happens if you eat aflatoxins?

Large doses of aflatoxins lead to acute poisoning (aflatoxicosis) that can be life threatening, usually through damage to the liver. Outbreaks of acute liver failure (jaundice, lethargy, nausea, death), identified as aflatoxicosis, have been observed in human populations since the 1960s.

What produces ochratoxin A?

Ochratoxin A is produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium and is a common food-contaminating mycotoxin. Contamination of food commodities, such as cereals and cereal products, coffee beans, dry vine fruits, wine and grape juice, spices and liquorice, occurs worldwide.

Is zearalenone harmful to humans?

Zearalenone has a strong cytotoxic and genotoxic activity, but the main threat to human and animal health may also be represented by its xenogeneic action (Dellafiora et al., 2017; EFSA, 2011).

Is patulin a bacterial toxin?

Patulin is toxic to many biological systems, including bacteria, mammalian cell cultures, higher plants, and animals, but its role in causing animal and human disease is unclear. Patulin is produced by numerous Penicillium and Aspergillus species and Byssochlamys nivea.

What is meant by patulin?

Patulin is an organic compound classified as a polyketide. It is a white powder soluble in acidic water and in organic solvents. Most commonly found in rotting apples, the amount of patulin in apple products is generally viewed as a measure of the quality of the apples used in production.

Is aflatoxin a carcinogen?

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated both epidemiological and laboratory studies and indicated aflatoxins as carcinogenic (Group 1) and potentially carcinogenic to human (Group 2B) [4].

What kind of toxin is T-2 toxin?

T-2 Toxin is a trichothecene. A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.

How is T-2 mycotoxin delivered to the human body?

Certain grains can contain the toxin which makes it a threat to human health and an economic burden. Unlike most biological toxins T-2 mycotoxin can be absorbed through intact skin. The compound can be delivered via food, water, droplets, aerosols and smoke from various dispersal systems.

What is the chemical formula for HT 2?

[ (1 R ,2 S ,4 R ,7 S ,9 S ,10 R ,11 S ,12 R )-2- (acetyloxymethyl)-10,11-dihydroxy-1,5-dimethylspiro [8-oxatricyclo [7.2.1.0 2,7 ]dodec-5-ene-12,2′-oxirane]-4-yl] 3-methylbutanoate

Why was T-2 mycotoxin used in the Gulf War?

T-2 mycotoxin is also thought to be a cause of Gulf War Syndrome. US troops suffered from mycotoxicosis-like symptoms after an Iraqi missile detonated in a US military camp in Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Storm in the Persian Gulf War, in 1991.