Is vaccinia an oncolytic virus?

Vaccinia virus is one of the most promising candidate oncolytic viruses due to advantages such as a favorable safety profile with smallpox vaccination history, a large capacity to harbor foreign genes,2 and an ability to infect a broad spectrum of host cells.

What is an oncolytic vaccine?

Oncolytic viruses are ideal platforms for tumor vaccination because they can mediate the direct in situ killing of tumor cells that release a broad array of tumor antigens and alarmins or danger signals thereby cross-priming antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which mediate the indirect killing of uninfected …

Where does vaccinia virus replicate?

Vaccinia virus (vv), a member of the poxvirus family, is unique among most DNA viruses in that its replication occurs in the cytoplasm of the infected host cell.

How does vaccinia virus replicate?

Vaccinia virus (VV) is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus of approximately 200 kb. This virus replicates in the cytoplasm, bringing with its infectious particle the enzymes required for DNA replication and transcription of its genes. VV has a broad host range.

Is monkey pox a virus?

Monkeypox stems from a virus that is like smallpox. It was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks occurred in colonies of monkeys being held for research in Africa, according to the CDC. The disease is typically mild and causes less severe illness than smallpox but can be fatal in about 10% of cases.

Is vaccinia a DNA virus?

Vaccinia virus is the prototypic poxvirus. The 192 kilobase double-stranded DNA viral genome encodes most if not all of the viral replication machinery.

Is adenovirus a DNA or RNA virus?

Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90-100 nm), non-enveloped icosohedral viruses with double-stranded DNA.

Is vaccinia virus A DNA virus?

Vaccinia virus is the prototypic poxvirus. The 192 kilobase double-stranded DNA viral genome encodes most if not all of the viral replication machinery. The vaccinia virus DNA polymerase is encoded by the E9L gene. Sequence analysis indicates that E9 is a member of the B family of replicative polymerases.

Why is it called monkey pox?

Monkeypox was first discovered in 1958 when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research, hence the name ‘monkeypox.

Is monkey pox highly contagious?

Monkeypox is contagious. Person-to-person transfer, probably by droplets, can occur infrequently. Risk factors for monkeypox include close association with African animals (usually rodents) that have the disease or caring for a patient who has monkeypox.

Where did vaccinia virus come from?

Origin. Vaccinia virus is closely related to the virus that causes cowpox; historically the two were often considered to be one and the same. The precise origin of vaccinia virus is unknown due to the lack of record-keeping, as the virus was repeatedly cultivated and passaged in research laboratories for many decades.

Who discovered vaccinia virus?

Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology in the West in 1796, after he inoculated a 13 year-old-boy with vaccinia virus (cowpox), and demonstrated immunity to smallpox. In 1798, the first smallpox vaccine was developed.