How does NADPH oxidase work?

NADPH oxidase catalyzes the production of a superoxide free radical by transferring one electron to oxygen from NADPH. During this process O2 is transported from the extracellular space to the cell interior and the H+ is exported.

How does NADPH oxidase produce ROS?

NADPH oxidase is a cytoplasmic enzyme consisting of at least one catalytic, transmembrane-spanning NOX subunit, which produces ROS by transferring electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen.

What is the function of NADPH oxidase in the human neutrophil?

NADPH oxidase is a multisubunit enzyme comprising membrane and cytosolic components, which actively communicate during the host responses to a wide variety of stimuli, including viral and bacterial infections.

How does NADPH reduce oxidative stress?

NADPH-generating dehydrogenases: their role in the mechanism of protection against nitro-oxidative stress induced by adverse environmental conditions. NADPH is an essential reductive coenzyme in biosynthetic processes such as cell growth, proliferation, and detoxification in eukaryotic cells.

What are the mechanisms of the NADPH oxidase?

Numerous homologue-specific mechanisms control the activity of this enzyme family involving calcium, free fatty acids, protein–protein interactions, intracellular trafficking, and posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, or sumoylation.

How is ROS produced by NADPH oxidase counterbalanced?

ROS produced by NADPH oxidase activate an enzyme that makes the macrophages adhere to the artery wall (by polymerizing actin fibers). This process is counterbalanced by NADPH oxidase inhibitors, and by antioxidants.

Is there a defect in NADPH oxidase in schizophrenia?

Pathology. Similar loss is observed in schizophrenia, and the results may point at the NADPH oxidase as a possible player in the pathophysiology of the disease. Nitro blue tetrazolium is used in a diagnostic test, in particular, for chronic granulomatous disease, a disease in which there is a defect in NADPH oxidase; therefore,…

How does the activity of the NOX family change?

Nox activity is dependent on the expression level of the Nox proteins and their activating subunits. Intracellular calcium, phosphorylation events, and other posttranslational modifications change Nox activity. NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS).