What is viral transduction?

Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. Viruses called bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts to make more viruses.

How does viral transduction work?

Transduction happens through either the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle. When bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) that are lytic infect bacterial cells, they harness the replicational, transcriptional, and translation machinery of the host bacterial cell to make new viral particles (virions).

What is transformation transduction conjugation?

Genetic exchanges among bacteria occur by several mechanisms. In transformation, the recipient bacterium takes up extracellular donor DNA. In transduction, donor DNA packaged in a bacteriophage infects the recipient bacterium. In conjugation, the donor bacterium transfers DNA to the recipient by mating.

What begins the process of transduction?

2. Transduction: When the signaling molecule binds the receptor it changes the receptor protein in some way. This change initiates the process of transduction. Each relay molecule in the signal transduction pathway changes the next molecule in the pathway.

How does the transduction of a virus take place?

A typical transduction protocol involves engineering of the recombinant virus carrying the transgene, amplification of recombinant viral particles in a packaging cell line, purification and titration of amplified viral particles, and subsequent infection of the cells of interest.

How does transduction take place in a cell?

Transduction is the biological process by which DNA is transferred into a cell with the aid of a viral vector. This may take place naturally between bacterium via a bacteriophage in an example of horizontal gene transfer, or can be intentionally exploited in the laboratory to modify the mammalian cell genome using a viral vector.

How are cells modified in ex vivo transduction?

In ex vivo transduction (Figure 2, cell processing), target cells are collected and modified by the viral vector. Following modification, the cells are harvested, characterized, and formulated prior to transplantation. In some processes, transduced cells may be expanded in cell culture prior to the re-infusion into the patients. Figure 2.

How are viral vectors used to transfect cells?

For cell types not amenable to lipid-mediated transfection, viral vectors are often employed. Virus-mediated transfection, also known as transduction, offers a means to reach hard-to-transfect cell types for protein overexpression or knockdown, and it is the most commonly used method in clinical research (Glover et al.,…